Cultural Bias In Assessment Essays -- Persuasive Testing Education Ess

Cultural Bias In Assessment In the society of today, there are various educators who believe in assessment as proper method to measure the performance of a child in school as well as the overall achievement of a specific school system. The assessment may be presented in the form of verbal, written, or multiple choice, and it usually pertains to certain academic subjects in the school curriculum. Recently, many educators began to issue standardized tests to measure the intelligence of a common student body. (Rudner, 1989) These standardized tests were initially created to reveal the success in institutional school programs, and exhibit the abilities of students today. The standardized tests can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of a student as well as the admission into certain programs. The test results also assist various schools in determining the proper curriculum, evaluate a specific school system, or a particular school related program. There are numerous types of standardized tests in which educators choose to measure the academic level of students. The first common standardized test, the standardized achievement test, are used to measure how much knowledge students have retained from a particular subject. The results generally assist teachers in designing achievement programs in each subject area, such as reading, math language skills, spelling, or science. (Samuda, 1990) The second common standardized test is known as the Standardized aptitude tests. Instead of focusing on a particular academic subject, the aptitude tests measure a broad range of skills that would ensure success during the school career. The skills include daily activities such as verbal ability, mechanical ability, creativity, cleric... ...hoice questions on the SAT up to date. Women are able to do better on exams which do not require a specific time limit. The Talent Indentification Program, proved that women "performed significantly better under untimed conditions than under timed. In fact the young women performed as well as males or even better under untimed conditions." Although the tests have still been proven to be bias against women, the large amount of mulitiple choice questions as well as the timed tests still remain in todays society. Although standardized testing has been proven to be ineffective, the creators of the tests are still humans of different races. As a creator of the tests much be created to represent all races and ethnic backrounds. When considering the contents of the tests, people should be looked at as an individual and not placed uder a category with their race.

From Foster Care to Prison Essay

Young adults who leave the child-welfare system at age eighteen face steeper challenges in becoming independent adults than those who stay in foster care. National studies have found that young people who â€Å"age out† of the child-welfare system at eighteen are three times more likely to be unemployed and not enrolled in school than young people overall. They are also much more likely to struggle financially, suffer from mental illnesses or drug or alcohol disorders, bear children they can’t take care of, or end up in prison (Borja, 2005). The literature demonstrates that there is a direct correlation between children aging out of foster care and entering the prison system. The state of California is the largest state housing foster care children in the country. Still, there is a high demand for research to demonstrate methods by which the cycle of destruction can be broken, as little research has been conducted on foster care youths beyond the age of 18. As a result of this, an exploratory study will be conducted to define parameters that should enable and convince states extend foster-care services to youths until age 21. Literature Review Bruce Willis once said â€Å"too many children in foster care are falling through the cracks†¦Be a hero – take the time to learn about adoption today† (Thinkexist. com, 2006). Foster care is meant to be a temporary living situation for children who are awaiting the opportunity to be reunited with their parents or another suitable guardian. In some cases, children are placed in long-term care placements. For older adolescents, a foster care program can be designed to provide education and resources to prepare the adolescent for the transition into independence (Wikipedia, 2006). Look more:  problem centered coping essay As of September 30, 2003, there were an estimated 523,000 children on record in foster care. Of these, 46 percent lived in non-relative homes, 23% lived in relative homes, 19% lived in group homes or institutions, 5% were in pre-adoptive homes and 7% lived in other placement types (Wikipedia, 2006). When a child enters the foster care system, the role of the parent is no longer held by a single individual or even the household. Rather, multiple parties are involved. More often than not, the state assumes custody of the child. A court appointed attorney or child protection services agency is given the responsibility of the decision making. The foster care provider is assigned the duty of the physical custody. Judges other court officials may also have a say in the care and welfare of the child. The child’s biological parents or guardians may also remain involved through visitations and can also be informed of their child’s well-being and care plan (Molin and Palmer, 2005). There are two types of foster care: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary foster care occurs when situations arise where the parent or guardian is temporarily unable to care for a child and seeks help. Involuntary foster care often occurs when the child is taken from the parent or guardian in order to ensure safety. The end result of the large number of decision makers in the foster care system has been shown to have further detrimental effects on the well-being of the children. The cost to maintain a system with so many players raises financial concerns, and often puts the immediate needs of the child on the back burner. Additionally, foster care children may not necessarily receive the type of care they need and may be â€Å"particularly vulnerable to not receiving care for their mental health needs because they often lack a person in their life who feels responsible and accountable for their well-being† (Kerker and Morrison, 2005). Because of the lack of individual attention on focus on the child’s well-being, children in foster care are continuously ending up homeless, in prison or in mental institutions as yearly as adolescents. Many children in foster care exhibit mental health problems. These can range from difficulty achieving sustainable relationships, coping problems, emotional and behavioral disturbances, attention disorders, depression, autism and bipolar disorder, thus causing these children to be defined as a vulnerable population in serious need of consideration and protection. The most common problem exhibited by the children in foster care are called â€Å"externalizing disorders† (Kerker and Morrison, 2005). Externalizing disorders frequently occur when children have been abused physically and, as a result of the abuse, demonstrate outward aggression towards others as well as towards themselves. There are statistics to support the case that there are factors in the foster care system that contribute to the impeding mental health of the children in care. It is most important to note that few of the children in the system are screened for mental health problems. One study showed that over 94% of the welfare agencies sampled assessed the children for physical health problems, but only 47. 8% checked for mental health problems (Kerker and Morrison, 2005). It is important to mention that being removed from their homes and placed in a foster care setting is a difficult and stressful experience for a child. â€Å"Many of these children have suffered some form of serious abuse or neglect. About 30% of children in foster care have severe emotional, behavioral or developmental problems† (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005). While most foster children show signs of remarkable resiliency, many also suffer from physical health problems as well as physiological and emotional problems. These children frequently blame themselves and feel guilty about being removed from their birth parents and wish to return to their parents even if they had been abused by them (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005). In evaluating the effect of foster care children who are aging out of the system and entering the real world, it is important to note that many of the children in the system have grown up with their parents in prison. Consider for example, Former Parole Officer Marilyn Cambrell. Cambrell plays surrogate mom to children whose parents are in prison at M. B. Smiley High School in Houston. About half of the students attending the high school have all had to face the reality that they are among the 2 million U. S. children with a parent behind bars. Many of these students are now in foster care, leaving them with feelings that they are unloved and unsafe in the world. Cambrell has begun to institute classes at the school, which have given more than 300 students a chance to vent their frustrations, share coping skills and, most importantly, feel they aren’t alone (Aguayo and Sewing, 2003). Many states have begun to implement strategies to break the cycle of vulnerability among students that age out of the foster care system and have begun to impose systems of self-care in the foster care system. In Iowa, a new law has been implemented that mandates the extension of financial support to youth in foster care to 21 years of age. In essence, the new law serves â€Å"as a model for other states to enact the same law and improve the services for youth who are making the transition from foster care to adulthood† (Policy and Practice, 2006). In order to qualify for the extended care and support, the youth are mandated to participate in an education and training program or work full time. To be able to qualify in the law, the youth must participate in an education or training program or work full time. This program falls under the standard of self-care that Orem describes as essential to the success of individuals seeking out optimal health, as the adolescents and young adults are taught means to provide for themselves and are given the resources needed to develop independence. Legislatures and other advocates have begun to get involved in the fight on then national level to protect the vulnerability of foster care children aging out of the system. Similar to the program in Iowa, The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 was passed to help provide children who are aging out of the foster care system the life skills necessary to provide for themselves. The act provides further access to health care professionals, as the act â€Å"extends Medicaid coverage past age 18, and requires states to prepare foster kids for employment or for further education before they are emancipated† (DeLay, 2000). Another step that can be taken to ensure the well being of children in foster care is to focus on the need for assessment. Foster parents can be taught by health care professionals such as nurses to look for signs of mental problems. The California Institute for Mental Health has developed screening tools that consist of â€Å"a series of questions regarding indicators of potential emotional and/or behavioral disturbances in preschool (0 to 5 years) and school-age (6 to 18 years) children†. The screenings are designed to assist in the observations of the children, and to alert the parents and others in the foster care system of a need for more extensive evaluations (Kerker and Morrison, 2005). People magazine recently published an article on a couple, Julie and Mike Deitch, who made the decision to take on foster children. They became licensed as foster parents after seven months of classes. In 2004, they took in three siblings whose parents were hooked on meth. They have since adopted the children and took on two more children, whose parents were schizophrenic (Jerome and Marquez, 2006). There are several issues that come of out the Deitch’s story that can be used as prime examples of the success of the modern foster care system. First and foremost, the parents received the training they needed to care for the children themselves. Secondly, the children were placed with foster parents who intend to adopt. And, while the Deitch’s had much to overcome in dealing with children whose parents had mental health problems, they put the needs of the child first and stuck with providing a high quality standard of care regardless of the obstacles at hand. It is evident that the child welfare system needs to undergo some redevelopment to best address the needs of the mental health condition of foster children. Emphasis should be on the day to day, starting in the home. Foster parents need to be trained to care for the children by health professionals. Older children need quality attention so that they can one day care for themselves as adult. Any and all mental health problems need to be detected at an early stage and care for. Advocates need to continue to take notice of the needs of the vulnerability of the foster care children and create legislation and develop programs that serve their best interest. If these things occur, perhaps the cycle of vulnerability of children in foster care can be overcome. Young adults who have aged out of the foster care system have left the system only to be faced with significant health, social and educational deficits including homelessness, involvement in juvenile crime and prostitution, mental and physical health problems, poor educational and employment outcomes, inadequate social support systems and early parenthood. These poor outcomes reflect a number of factors including ongoing emotional trauma resulting from experiences of abuse and neglect prior to care, inadequate support while in care, accelerated transitions to adulthood and lack of guaranteed ongoing financial and other assistance to help facilitate this transition. Young people leaving care do not currently receive the ongoing support that a good parent would be expected to provide for their children (Mendes, 2006). Children in the foster care system have been found to be associated with the probability of becoming a rapist or other type of sexual crime predator. As a result of this, the literature demonstrates that the prevention of rape may usefully be associated with enhancing the life chances of fathers and sons by greater support for those offenders who have spent time in foster care. Additionally, the fact that the risk factors for future violence are similar to those for rape endorses the point that rape is essentially a violence offence rather than a sex offence. It further demonstrates that prevention programs for rape will have associated benefits (Christofferson, Soothill and Francis, 2005). Many children who have been identified as having deviant or behavior problems spend time in therapeutic foster care programs. In these programs, the youth are placed in the care of foster parents who have been trained to provide a structured environment that supports their learning social and emotional skills. An assessment was conducted on the effectiveness of such programs in preventing violent behavior among participating youth. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature regarding these programs, finding that reported and observed violence, including violent crime among the children in therapeutic programs declined (Hahn, et. Al, 2004). Due to the issues that they faced throughout adolescence, young adults who leave the child-welfare system at age 18 face steeper challenges in becoming independent adults than those who stay in foster care. National studies have found that young people who â€Å"age out† of the child-welfare system at 18 are three times more likely to be unemployed and not enrolled in school than young people overall. They are also much more likely to struggle financially, suffer from mental illnesses or drug or alcohol disorders, bear children they can’t take care of, or end up in prison (Borja, 2005). The literature demonstrates that there is a direct correlation between children aging out of foster care and entering the prison system. The state of California is the largest state housing foster care children in the country. Still, there is a high demand for research to demonstrate methods by which the cycle of destruction can be broken, as little research has been conducted on foster care youths beyond the age of 18. As a result of this, an exploratory study will be conducted to define parameters that should enable and convince states to extend foster-care services to youths until age 21. The parameters that will be defined include the education levels, current living conditions, socioeconomic status and employment statuses held by the young adults aging out of the foster care system. The survey will then serve as a tool in support of the literature in order to shed light onto the missing link between children leaving the foster care system and attaining financial independence and success in mainstream society. Methods The county of Sacramento extends from the low delta lands between the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers north to about ten miles beyond the State Capitol and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (County of Sacramento, 2006). The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to the San Francisco Bay. Respondents for this research will be selected from aged out foster care children in the county of Sacramento. In order to identify the sample population, social workers and foster care agencies within Sacramento County, including the County Department of Health Assistance as well as the Criminal Justice Department will be contacted. The representatives of the agencies will receive information detailing the importance of conducting the survey, and will be asked to provide or pass on the survey questions to interested participants between the ages of 18-21. The local prison will also be contacted in order to identify target samples who have come through the foster care system and who are now in prison. The representatives will be asked to avoid bias, and to balance those selected among males and females. In order to calculate accurate percentages and accurately represent the number of young adults aging out of the foster care system, the ideal sample size will consist of fifty male and fifty females. For confidentiality purposes, those sampled cannot be randomly selected, as all names and information of those individuals participating need to be passed on through a social work related agency. Due to this, the results may be slightly skewed. However, the skewing of the results will most likely balance themselves. That is, it is expected that an individual receiving technical training coming out of the foster care system (an example of a success story) will most likely be balanced out by an individual in prison coming out of the foster care system. That being said, it is essential that there be some control in selecting the sample, as having 100 responders all in prison will sway the results. Due to this, the survey will be distributed to a variety of agencies, so as to best manage the results. In conducting the survey, questions will be posed to address the respondent’s attainment in areas of education, employment, friendship and family. The questions will be posed utilizing a Likert-type scale to determine response categories. Questions involving demographics, ethnicity and gender will be essential in providing useful information as to other factors (outside of being in foster care) that separate individuals in the population. For example, a question in the survey should identify the demographic location held by the foster child during the time in care, as well as well as identify any potential moves or changes in location. In doing this, it will be possible to identify if demographic changes are an independent variable or dependent variable in effecting the results of the survey. If it is an independent variable, then it needs to be accounted for in the survey results. Similar questions will be posed in regards to ethnicity and gender, in order to determine their impacts on the results of the survey. The surveys will be distributed to contacted welfare agencies in the Sacramento area to then be passed on to target samples. If needed, and if approved by the agencies, the method will include taking time to travel to the place of residence of the selected population to ensure that the surveys are accurately filled out and returned. The responses will then be entered into SPSS. An analysis of the surveys will be conducted looking for significant differences, relationships and correlations. In doing this, key-word searchers will be conducted. At the same time, the responses will be grouped based on socioeconomic class, education, gender, living conditions and employment status and then cross referenced to identify key correlations in the data. The purpose of the survey will be to clearly define target triggers that caused the foster care children to end up in prison. A comparative analysis of results will be conducted in order to drawn lines of association between family values, views on friendship as well as socioeconomic status. At the same time, the answers to the survey will be used to compare and contrast methods and exposures faced by those young adults who did not go to prison after leaving the foster care system versus those who did. In conducting the survey and evaluating the results, levels of success within the foster care system will be revealed. For example, if it is found that many of the young adults were mainstreamed into a job-training program and still entered prison, the survey will be used to reveal triggering factors that caused the downfall. Due to the sensitive nature of the survey as well as the sensitive nature of the questions posed to the target population, the survey will need to be submitted to a human subjects committee for review. Overall, the survey test the hypothesis in an attempt to assess the needs of legislators to pass policy to extend foster care benefits to the age of 21. population’s overall attitude towards the future. That is, it will provide insight as to whether oror not the population has successfully overcome the cycle of destruction (coming out of the system and ending up in prison as a result of no where else to go), or if it appears that the individual needs further training to in order to be financially independent and lead a stable lifestyle. Anticipated Findings It is expected that the survey will reveal a clear cycle of destruction occurring from the transition out of foster care. The survey is anticipated to support the literature that there is a missing link between children leaving the system at the age of 18 and finding success in the mainstream society. Due to this, the survey will provide a tool to better define what the missing link is, and provide insight as to what can be done to break the cycle of destruction. This is good, you should include similar language at the end of your literature review when you are discussing the intent of your research. Finally, make sure to attach your survey as an appendix item to your proposal References Aguayo, Anna and Sewing, Joy. A Former Parole Officer Plays Surrogate Mom to Kids with Parents in Jail. People, 60(11), p. 129-130. American Academy of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry (2005, May). Foster Care. Retrieved December 4, 2006, from http://aacap. org/page. ww? name=Foster+Care§ion=Facts+for+Families Ashby, Cornelia (2006). Child Welfare: Improving Social Service Program Training and Technical Assistance Information Would Help Address Long-Standing Service-Level and Workforce Challenges. GAO Reports, p. 56. Borja, Rhea (2005). Teens Released from Foster Care Too Early, Report Says. Education Week, 24(38), p. 6-6. Child Welfare Information Gateway (2005). Foster Care: Numbers and Trends. Retrieved December 5, 2006 from http://www. childwelfare. gov/pubs/factsheets/foster. cfm County of Sacramento (2006). About Sacramento County. Retrieved December 5, 2006 from http://www. saccounty. net/portal/about/areafacts. html CMS Network (2006). Medical Foster Care Program. Retrieved December 5, 2006 from http://www. cms-kids. com/CMSNMedicalFosterCare. htm Delay, Tom (2000). Fighting for Children. American Journal of Psychiatry, p. 120-124. Jerome, Richard and Marquez, Sandra (2006). They opened their hearts and home to babies born of meth-addicted moms. People, 66(15), p. 83-84 Kerker, B. , & Morrison, M. (2006, January). Mental Health Needs and Treatment of Foster Youth: Barriers and Opportunities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 138-147. Molin, R. (2005, January). Consent and Participation: Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Children in Out-of-Home Care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 1. Policy and Practice (2006). New Iowa Law for Youth Aging Out of Foster Care Seen as Model for Other States. Policy and Practice of Public Human Services, 64(3), p. 28. San Francisco Chronicle Editorial (2005, October 14). Governor signs foster-care bills. San Francisco Chronicle, 10. 2005, . Retrieved December 4, 2006, from http://www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article. cgi? file=/chronicle/archive/2005/10/14/EDGKVF7QQ01. DTL San Francisco Chronicle Editorial (2006, November 2). Foster Care’s Future. San Francisco Chronicle, 11. 2006, . Retrieved December 5, 2006, from http://www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article ThinkExist. com (2006). Foster Care Quotes. Retrieved December 4, 2006, from http://en. thinkexist. com/quotes/with/keyword/foster/ Wikipedia (2006). Foster Care. Retrieved December 5, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Foster_care

Law Demonstrating a Political and Moral Position - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2485 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Government Essay Did you like this example? Working thesis: Breaking the law is justifiable when demonstrating a political or moral position because without political demonstrations citizens can fall under government control. A problem occurs when a law strikes us as violating a moral principle and when it hasnt been changed despite some significant efforts to do so. Significance: This topic matters because people should be able to challenge the law and express their views. We should be able to think for ourselves and always demand the truth. It is an essential for the political health of the state and therefore a demonstration of good citizenship by the protestors. Citizens must have a right to political participation. Martin Luther King, Jr. is the prime example of why this topic is important and the reason why everyone has the right to protest unjust laws. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law: Demonstrating a Political and Moral Position" essay for you Create order Summary of sources: The majority of the sources discuss disobeying the law for moral reasons or simply supporting the law out of fear. All in all, most of the articles talk about following the rules and obeying law for the sake of order. They also suggest if we are willing to break the laws we should be willing to face the consequences.there is little doubt that for vast numbers of people on countless occasions it is the fear of fines, imprisonment, civil liability, and other sanctions that is the dominant factor in producing genuine obedience to law†in causing behavior that is as it is precisely because of the law, in contrast to behavior that is the product of other and law-independent motivations, but which just happens to be consistent with the law. Another prime exampleMartin Luther King believed, for example, that he had an obligation to obey the law, but believed as well that in some circumstances the moral urgency of taking an action inconsistent with the law provided an even stronger reas on, and thus a stronger obligation, going in the opposite direction. From any single action inconsistent with the law, therefore, we cannot infer that the actor had no reason to obey the law, or perceived herself as having had no reason to obey the law. LIST OF SOURCES WITH ANNOTATIONS Frankel, Charles.Is It Right to Break the Law? The New York Times, The New York Times, 12 Jan. 1964, www.nytimes.com/1964/01/12/is-it-right-to-break-the-law.html. Preview information: Charles Frankel was New York Times writer. He published the article,Is it right to break the law? in 1964. He must have been a very good and well-respected writer to have published in the New York Times. This article was published in the 60s when protesting of the Civil Rights movement was happening. Acts of racial discrimination were at its all-time high in the United States. The audience he was targeting was Americans who were witnessing so much violence and hate from unjust laws. He explains in his article that at the end of the day nobody has the right to break the law because it defeats the purpose of law itself. Even though he does sympathize with minority groups, he believes we all have a moral responsibility to obey the rules. Relevance of the source: This source will be very helpful for my essay. Even though this source doesnt agree with my thesis it has many powerful points of civil disobedience from history. Schultz, Katie.Is civil disobedience justifiable? Kalamazoo Gazette, 7 March 2009, https://www.mlive.com/opinion/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2009/03/is_civil_disobedience_justifia.html Preview information: Katie Schultz is a senior at Portage Northern High School and is a member of the Gazette Young Editorial Staff. Her articleIs civil disobedience justifiable? was published in 2009. Her article talks about the relevance of disobeying the law today. She believes that anact of civil disobedience must meet three standards: righteous intention, nonviolent means and the desire to communicate the need for change. The article goes on to discuss civil disobedience in history and how events like the Boston Tea Party and the civil rights movement have helped achieved equality. Relevance of the source: This source is helpful because it is refreshing to see a young persons views on this topic. The source talks about historical achievements made by disobeying the law. Also, this source agrees with my thesis. Love, Samantha.I just dont, its illegal Oxford Royale Academy, 4 April 2014, https://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/articles/moral-obligation-obey-law.html Preview information: Samantha love read law at Merton College, Oxford, and is currently following the BCL course. She wrote this article for the Oxford Royale Academy in 2014. This article talks about the importance of laws and whether we should all follow laws simply because the law says so or because it is the right thing to do morally. She talks about how obedience to the law may be motivated by fear of the consequences not because we want to follow the laws. She talks about how it is more important for influential people to keep the rule of law than non-influential people. This article talks about both views of law. Whether there is moral obligation to obey laws or whether it is wrong to simply follow the law because it is simply a law. Samantha writeseveryone must decide for themselves, and whatever we might like to think we would say our true opinion will best be shown at 3am at an empty crossroads. She is referencing at an empty crossroads at 3am if there is a red light and no body on the road would we break the law or not. Relevance of the source: This article will be useful for my essay because it brings up both views of law and why we should or should not break the law. The writer doesnt really have an opinion but instead gives perceptive for both views. Schauer, Frederick.The Political Risks (if any) of Breaking the Law Oxford Academic, 11 July 2012, https://academic.oup.com/jla/article/4/1/83/841165 Preview information: Frederick Schauer wrote this article for a conference on Political Risks and Public Law for Harvard Law School. Frederick begins the article by suggesting majority of the people obey laws simply because of their moral values. He writesthere is little doubt that for vast numbers of people on countless occasions it is the fear of fines, imprisonment, civil liability, and other sanctions that is the dominant factor in producing genuine obedience to law†in causing behavior that is as it is precisely because of the law, in contrast to behavior that is the product of other and law-independent motivations, but which just happens to be consistent with the law. He writes about many examples of breaking the law in the past and present and simply tries to educate his readers about law and whether obeying the law is more than just taking a risk. Relevance of the source: This source will be very helpful to my essay because it has enormous educational information on law and why people break laws. Also, talks about the consequences of people breaking laws in the past and present. Bedau, Hugo A. On civil disobedience. The Journal of Philosophy 58.21 (1961): 653-665. Preview Information: Bedau was a civil rights and anti-Vietnam war activist. On his journal about civil disobedience, Bedau tries to distinguish civil disobedience from other types of political actions such as unlawful protests. He also gives his thoughts on justice and the legal consequences of disobeying the law. The journal provides a discussion on civil disobedient and lawful protest both with the aim to correct unlawful actions and their moral convictions. Relevance of the source: this source will provide me with knowledge of how to justify civil disobedience. Though giving alternatives to claiming political positions, it eventually supports civil disobedience. Dworkin, Ronald. Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of equality. Harvard university press, 2002. Preview information: Dworkin is a well-known contributor to contemporary legal and political philosophy who also engages in public debates. Several journals have published his interpretations of equality as a political ideal. In this article, the Sovereign Virtue, he answers the question: what is equality? He talks about how governments should act to better the lives of their citizens and show similar concerns to all. He discusses the concept of justice and freedom. Relevance of this source: Dworkin is an advocate of equality. His ideas are of much help to me in understanding his stand on the civil disobedience issue. This reference will help strengthen my thesis as Dworkin is against governments denying their citizens equal opportunities. Rawls, John. A theory of justice. Harvard university press, 2009. Preview Information: John Rawls is a professor of philosophy at Harvard University. Before the appearance of. A Theory of Justice in 1971, he wrote many articles on the concept of justice. A Theory Justice provides the core of tradition democracy (justice and fairness). Rawls says that the idea of social contract is more satisfactory because of fundamental rights and liberties of people as fair and not even a whole society can override this justice. Relevance of this source: this theory agrees and supports my thesis. It will help me in proving how correct my argument is. Sunstein, Cass R. Public Values, Private Interests, and the Equal Protection Clause. The Supreme Court Review 1982 (1982): 127-166. Preview information: Cass is currently a law professor at Robert Walmsley University. He has written many articles and books concerning the American law. In this article, he discusses The Equal Protection clause as directed at the legality of classifications. He talks about the different ratings that the provision considers heightening its scrutiny. Relevance of this source: The Equal Protection Clause is a constitutional directive in the United States. This clause is of much help as it entirely supports my thesis. Lawmakers come up with the guidelines with the intention of using it to influence, control and coerce the outcomes of its communities and individuals both in public and private spheres. The current authority applies these laws, which may be legitimate or illegitimate. However, we perceive moral jurisdiction as right, just, and fair. Moral authority prompts us to make decisions or act based on moral rights (Schauer). However, these reasons differ from person to person depending on ones beliefs. As such, we all behave in our own morally prescribed manner that makes us claim or act in defense of our moral stands. If one was to live in a community, where he/she is forced to accept the ethical determinants of the majority, then that is enslavement. Therefore, this servitude alone gives the affected individual the right to civil disobedience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil disobedience expert and regularly used it to change segregation laws in the 1960s. He argued that public disob edience was not only morally justified but also ethically imperative when a law is unjust (Dworkins). In a democratic nation, certain types of moral behaviors emerge. Democracy will tolerate some moralities and at the same time have intolerant to some. In such a country, civil disobedient is about taking not only illegal public actions but also legal and moral obligations. This is why there is a moral autonomy in civil disobedience (Love). Individual dissenters are most of the times autonomous when making a moral claim through being disobedient. Currently, within a democratic sphere, an individual who feels that his freedom of speech is compressed may opt to incite civil disobedience against his country. Schultz describes that the present civil disobedience differs from the historical one. Currently, people fight for specific civil rights such as environmental protection and foreign policy. In the past, people fought for freedom and equality. A good example would be the Boston Tea party and the Civil Rights Movement. Also in 1995, Rosa parksrefused to surrender her seat on a city bus (Schultz). In an article that appeared in the Daily Nation in 2016, Nic Cheeseman tells of current governments, which have bad laws and wonders how people should respond to them. He further states that Oxford University celebrated one Bram Fischer for saving Nelson Mandela from death by breaking the law. Though he later says that Fischers action cannot be justified in a democratic system, Nic supports the idea that Fischer broke the law to save Mandela (Cheeseman). In the United States, Dworkins provides three possible results of civil disobedient. First, he offers two dimensions of civil disobedience; the legal and moral aspects. Secondly, the United States social norms expect that every law should equally apply to all citizens and aliens within its sovereign. Finally, Dworkin relates the Vietnam War to the moral distaste resulting from political intrusion into foreign nations (Dwokins). When the US tries to impose its political ideology on other countries, a self-claimed moral right arises (Frankel). However, as the only superpower in the world, the US has a moral obligation to itself, and the world and not every illegal act is civil disobedience. Illicit acts that put life and property in danger are not civil disobedience, and that is why as the superpower, the US will try to stop such actions even in foreign states. John Rawls Theory of Justice provides that justice is the first virtue of political society but still accepts the importance of morality and rational thinking. However, in this case, morality is the primary virtue of a civic community because, without it, freedom, authority, and justice will fade with time. The theory of justice defends civil obedience as long as it is within the constitutional democracies and supports the theme of justice (John). Bedau, on the other hand, declared that all public disobedience demand illegal actions. The law cannot protect such activities, and any rider who violates the law should not be exempted from prosecution. Bedau further states that since no government considers such a provision, there is no harm in extending legal protection to civil disobedience (Bedau). The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment also supports civil disobedience. The clause states that everyone living within the laws of the United States must treat everyone the same as others in similar conditions. This provision has a moral basis, and that is why it applies to all federal and state laws. The clause offers merely equality of access and opportunities. This clause in the 14th Amendment provides justification of civil disobedience only if denial of equity by a state to individual results to that particular person taking public action against the state without causing any loss of life or damage to property (Sunstein). Conclusion There exist moral bases in civil disobedience and a determination of when an individual may or may not break the law to protect their political and moral grounds. Civil disobedience is vital in the exercise of civil rights and expression of individual rights against illegal state laws. Therefore, public disobedience is not in any case defiance for the sake of rebellion but the purpose of political democracy as long as there is no loss of life or damage to property. I, therefore, hypothesize that breaking the law is justified to demonstrate a political or moral position.

Science Majored Students Life At Queens College - 885 Words

Science Majored Students’ Life at Queens College Anthropology is a combination of the words â€Å"Anthropos† and â€Å"Logos†. It simply means the study of human. Since the human beings have both biological and cultural characteristics, anthropology extensively studies including both aspects. However, culture is the most important thing in anthropology. The culture of a particular organization, group, or country consists of the habits of the people in it and the way they generally behave. The particular traits and characteristics are held in common within that environment and are passed on generationally. Based on the culture of the community, group, or country, we can deeply research and understand their life style. The best method that is used†¦show more content†¦The atmosphere was more silent than downstairs. However, unlike the upstairs, the downstairs students looked more freely talked with their friends and received help from them when they were s tuck on particular problems. In the Remsen hall, I observed students in my lecture and lab class. Since the lecture is a huge class, many students tried to sit beside their friends. However, the students who sat by themselves tended to have seats in row at the back of the classroom. After the class started, a lot of students typed the important thing on the slides by their laptop. Some of them took pictures of the slides using their phone. In the lab class, students tended to have more interaction with each other even though the experiment was conducted separately since the class is much smaller than the lecture. They easily talked to other students about the experiment and moreover they tried to help each other to complete the lab procedure correctly. After the lab class, I also looked around the chemistry office. There was a person who came to declare her major and another person who submitted the late lab report. During this observation, I saw a person who took a picture of the b ook in the library. Therefore, I interviewed her after she took all the pictures. Her name is Z.H and she is majoring in sociology and at the particular moment, she took pictures of the book that is used her class. She said she needs to answer the questions based on the readingsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission?4197 Words   |  17 Pagesseveral years, there has been a growing trend in the number of college-bound individuals getting two-year degrees from community colleges or earning certification for their desired career field at vocational schools. Such schools certainly seem to have some valuable qualities: all boast of having lower costs than other colleges, of their absence of student loans, of allowing people to make more money quicker, of being narrowly focused so students don’t have to take classes they don’t need. They attemptRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages........................................... ...................................................... 5 Sample Statements of Purpose ........................................................................................................ 8 I. Social Sciences ........................................................................................................................ 8 Education: Teaching English as a Second or Other Language (TESOL)—non-native English Speaker .............................Read MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pageswinter 1991). â€Å"Most of the attempts to distinguish between entrepreneurs and small business owners or managers have discovered no differentiating features† (R. H. Brockhaus and P. S. Horwitz, â€Å"The Psychology of the Entrepreneur† in The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, 1986). Solution) to develop a methodology for determining what percentage of a ï ¬ rm’s market value could be attributed to its existing businesses (products, services, markets). If the ï ¬ rm’s market value was higher than theRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageswould be so enduring? Many of you are past users, a few even for decades. I hope you will find this new edition a worthy successor to earlier editions. I think this may even be my best book. The new Google and Starbucks cases should arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so

Why is Frankenstein such a popular text Essay - 1867 Words

Why is Frankenstein such a popular text? Frankenstein is a science fiction novel written by Mary Shelley during the time of the Romantic Movement. It has remained popular ever since it was first published and still sells well today, with many reprints of the book since the first edition. One of the main characters of the story and probably the most (in)famous, Frankensteins monster, has become an icon of all that is monstrous and wrong. The story has been adapted and interpreted many times all in different ways, causing the monster and the stereotypical view of him to become intertextual. The most popular and well recognised representation of the monster and the one that most people would attempt to draw for you if you†¦show more content†¦Frankenstein is popular for a number of reasons. The most prominent I believe is the fact that it was the first type of story of its kind, and what is now referred to as sci-fi, short for science fiction. 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Mobile Phone and Phoebe Cook Copeland Free Essays

Phoebe Cook Copeland ENC0025 8 April 2013 Causes and Effects of texting while driving It is a beautiful Friday morning, when all of a sudden a huge crash is heard in the distance. At the scene of the accident there is a car crushed up against a telephone pole with a young girl inside all bloodied and cut up. Taking a closer look, the young girl seems like she is simply asleep, but in her hand she holds her phone with half written message on the screen saying, â€Å"I’ll be there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Unfortunately, the young girl never had the chance to finish her text message because she hit a telephone pole. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Phone and Phoebe Cook Copeland or any similar topic only for you Order Now This young girl’s life was tragically taken from her; however, this accident could have been avoided if she would have only waited until she got to either her destination or a red light to answer the text message. Sending text messages while driving distracts a person’s attention from the main task, which is driving the vehicle safely. Text messaging is known to contribute to deadly accidents that have prompted several legal districts to ban the practice in many states. The reason that people text while driving in unknown and difficult to pinpoint a specific reason; unfortunately, the effects are clearly visible on the roads and also in the news. The causes and effects of texting while driving can be avoided if people just decided to put the phone down and wait until they are not driving. Texting while driving is very dangerous, but people of all ages still do it. Studies have stated that half of the percent of people of all ages text while driving, and the other half of the percent talk on the phone when behind the wheel. Even though there is no evidence that a person is openly pressured into texting while driving, there is an expectation in society to have the dire need to respond to a text message. However, it is more likely for a person to be involved in a serious accident when texting rather than talking on the phone while driving. The reason behind this is that, when talking on the phone it only distracts the driver, but when texting the driver has to look down at the phone to answer it. Thus, making it not only a distraction for the driver, but they have to take their eyes off the road in order to reply to the message. The effects of texting while driving left a devastating trail that lead to legal implications. Due to having so many accidents on the road, different states passed a law that banned texting while driving. This ban was placed in hopes to lessen the accidents that are caused by people who text and drive. If states can ban driving under the influence, then they can surely ban the no text law in order to keep the roads safer. However, many people have argued that it is hard to spot a person texting while they are driving because they are holding the phone in their laps, which is below the dashboard. So how can the cops catch people who text and drive? The cops are trained to watch for the driver’s body language. If the driver seems like they are texting while behind the wheel the cop is allowed to pull them over and issue them a fine. The causes of texting while driving resolves in the most dangerous effects that ends up taking someone’s life. However, not everyone who gets into an accident while texting is unfortunate, but the most serious accidents are due to people taking their eyes and concentration off the road to answer their text message. The reason why people do not take texting while driving seriously is because they think that taking their eyes off the road for a few seconds would not do any harm. Unfortunately, they are sorely mistaken because it only takes a split second in order for something to go terribly wrong. Not only is it dangerous for the person who is driving, but also for the other people that are in the car and on the road. If people just took texting while driving seriously and understood that it is just as dangerous as anything else, then we would have less accidents and less of people’s lives being tragically stripped from them. In conclusion, it is not the lack of knowledge that people text while driving, but the lack of responsibility that goes into the act. People of all ages know the consequences of texting while driving lead to fatal accidents, yet they still do it. The temptation is too grandeur, however, the person who sent that text message can wait. Not waiting to answer that message while driving will not be worth it in the long run. The causes and effects of texting while driving can be avoided if we choose to put the phone down and wait to answer the text message until we are not driving because answering a text message is never worth a human life. How to cite Mobile Phone and Phoebe Cook Copeland, Papers

My Medical Statement Of Purpose Essay Example For Students

My Medical Statement Of Purpose Essay My name is . I am an African descent and a Nigerian in particular. I am a social person. I am someone with great aspirations and also am I caring by nature. I derive joy from putting smiles on the faces of people. This is because I have a very humane spirit. If one were to ask my friends to describe me, they would portray me as a very kind, pleasant, diverse, active and intelligent young man. I think one of my most distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of knowledge that I possess. I am a science student. And I am a young man with scientific aptitude and an interest in medicine. I also have a passion for traveling and understanding different cultures of the world. All these elements have given me a very broad outlook, with varying certificates and awards of knowledge in a range of topics. I strongly believe that although some are not related directly to my intended field of study, but I suppose that all these qualities will influence my medical work at the University of Tartu. My purpose to study medicine in Tartu is quite a simple one. This is because it is a city of vast educational and cultural diversity. As I said earlier on, I love understanding different cultures of the world. And Tartu in particular is an important industrial and cultural center. Manufactures include footwear, agricultural machinery, printed materials, and lumber. The University of Tartu has been into existence for centuries now and has witnessed both past and present, intellectuals of great timber and caliber. Out of ten centers of excellence, six are established at the University. People go into different professions for quite a lot of reasons. Some go in for the money; some go in for the fame and so on and so forth. My first reason why I became interested in medicine is because of the love I have for humanity. There are numerous areas in medicine that require urgent attention; one of them is the fight against disease pathogens that are responsible for millions of deaths. Today, diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and river blindness that scientists once thought they had won the battle against are now staging a comeback. These bacteria and viruses are now resistant to control measures drugs previously used. This poses an enormous threat to the entire world population. For the sake of humanity, I would engage myself with medical research with the aim of coming up with drugs that would fight diseases once and for all. Most pharmaceutical companies charge high prices for their drugs against HIV/AIDS anti-retroviral drugs, thereby excluding third world countries from the benefit of this medical research. My research findings will be made available to everyone at a very low cost; through this, I believe that my findings will benefit mankind. Just as Alfred Nobel said Scientific research shouldnt be for the sake of prosperity but to save humanity. The human race is at the verge of a terrible catastrophe. There is urgent need to help fight these old diseases that one thought had been eradicated, as well as newly evolved strains like Ebola, and HIV/AIDS. The proceeds from the sale of these drugs would be ploughed back into more research for the benefit of mankind. My other impression of medicine occurred when I had a testicular tuction as doctors said. It was a very painful and serious case that repeatedly required the assistance of physicians in dealing with me. My doctors were always there for me, day in day out. The respect that I bestowed upon doctors, and the doctors ability to ease suffering, sparked a desire to one day become a physician myself. This was an ambitious goal for someone coming from a family in which no one had obtained a professional degree. However, my traditional family-oriented culture, emphasizing doing good for others, contributed to this decision to pursue a career in the medical field. Furthermore, my inbuilt individualistic spirit gave me the confidence and opportunity to undertake a challenging medical career.